The political fallout from Trump’s reciprocal tariff regime has wider ramifications. Arrangements that were formed during ...

The Trump administration called these measures “reciprocal”, asserting they mirrored and counteracted trade barriers faced by US exports. On 31 July, President Trump signed another Executive Order ...

What is a tariff? A tariff is simply a tax on imports, which is charged at the border when the imported goods enter the tariff-imposing country. The answer to ‘who pays the tariff?’ is a little more ...

The fact that the G20 meeting of finance ministers and central bank governors was able to release a joint statement after the ...

South Africa’s state-owned electricity company, Eskom, is trying to protect its monopoly in the face of the envisaged transition to a liberalised energy market. The utility has gone to the Gauteng ...

Resources Overview; Regional resources; Trade data analysis and factsheets; Exte ...

Trudi Hartzenberg is the Executive Director of tralac. She has a special interest in trade-related capacity building. Her research areas include trade policy issues, regional integration, investment, ...

Ndiitah Nghipondoka-Robiati is Chief Executive Officer, Namibia Trade Forum. Before joining NTF in April 2014, she was a lecturer in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of ...

Kyle Perel is currently pursuing a BS, double majoring in International Politics and Business Administration at Washington and Lee University in Lexington, VA. He spent two months at tralac as a part ...

The Third UN Conference on LLDCs adopted the Awaza Programme of Action for the Landlocked Developing Countries for the Decade 2024-2034 (APoA). This document represents a renewed and action-oriented ...

Third United Nations Conference on Landlocked Developing Countries (LLDC3) The Third UN Conference on LLDCs, which took place in Awaza, Turkmenistan from 5-8 August 2025, brought together global ...