(AP Photo/Emrah Gurel, File) ANKARA ... are the soldiers of Mustafa Kemal” — a reference to the secular founder of modern ...

This is the eleventh part in a series about riding night trains across Europe and the Near East to Armenia — to spend some time in worlds beyond the ...

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk — after the formal ceremony had ended. The graduates also took the Officer’s Oath about defending a secular and democratic Turkey, which was discontinued in 2022.