Birds are hosts for all influenza A subtypes and are the reservoir from which new HA subtypes are introduced into humans (Palese, 2004). Deciphering the 1918 Epidemic Because influenza viruses ...

New computational modeling of avian influenza variants' immunoprotein interactions—developed by a research team at the ...

Variations in the HA and NA genes determine the subtype and strain. It is possible to sequence the entire viral genome of influenza via ... The genome structure introduces complications, however.

Two surface proteins, HA and NA, determine the antigenic properties of influenza virus strains. In 1958, a new strain of influenza A with different HA and NA was identified and antigenic shift was ...

To maintain vaccine efficacy, WHO regularly updates influenza vaccine strains based on global epidemiological, virological, ...

New computational modeling of avian influenza variants’ immunoprotein interactions – developed by a research team at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte – reveals the H5N1 influenza virus is ...